Extraction, beneficiation, and processing of iron ore produces iron or steel. "Extraction" is defined as removing ore material from a deposit and encompasses all activities prior to beneficiation.

"Beneficiation" of iron includes concentration, generally by physical removal of unwanted gangue; also considered beneficiation is the regulation of product size, or other steps such as agglomeration to improve its chemical or physical characteristics prior to processing. Processing of the concentrated product into iron or steel typically involves the use of pyrometallurgical techniques. As discussed in the introduction, processing operations are beyond the purview of this paper.

Historically, most iron ore was simply crushed and shipped directly to a blast furnace. Currently, some ores are high enough in iron content (greater than 50 percent) to be sent directly to furnaces without beneficiation activities other than crushing and washing. Most ores extracted today, however, must undergo a number of beneficiation procedures to upgrade the iron content and prepare the concentrate for the blast furnace. Technological advancements at blast furnace operations require ore feed of a specific size, structure, and chemical make-up for optimum efficiency.

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